The Effectiveness of Ivermectin on the Risk of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A Meta Analysis
Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become the highest priority of global pandemic. New and repurposed drugs are being tested on mild to moderate levels of COVID-19 to help suppress transmission of the virus. Ivermectin is one of the repurposed drugs with known safety records with more than 2.5 billion doses dispensed in the past. This study aims to estimate the effectiveness of ivermectin in reducing the risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients based on the results of a number of previous similar studies.
Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. This study used secondary data in the form of data from previous study results. A systematic and comprehensive database search was carried out through several databases including: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer Link. Analysis of this study was using RevMan 5.3 software. This study used the eligibility criteria with the PICO model, populations: covid-19 patients, intervention: ivermectin administration, comparison: patients without ivermectin, outcome: mortality in COVID-19 patients. The inclusion criteria used were full paper in English and Indonesian with a randomized controlled trial, including the number of deaths, and the primary study was conducted in a hospital. The keywords used to search the database were
Abd-Elsalam SA, Noor RA, Khalaf M, Medhat MA, Karam H, Ramadan A, Eldeen MAS, et al. (2021). Clinical study evaluating the efficacy of ivermectin in COVID-19 treatment: A randomized controlled study. J Med Virol. 2019: 10 Alam MT, Murshed R, Bhiuyan E, Saber S, Alam RF, Robin RC (2020). A case series of 100 covid-19 positive patients treated with combination of iver-mectin and doxycycline. J. Bangladesh Coll. Phys. Surg. 38: 10-15. doi: 10.3329/jbcps.v38i0.47512. Andrew H, Anna G, Jacob L, Jonathan F, Leah E, Kaitlyn M, Victoria P, et al. (2021). Meta-analysis of randomized trials of ivermectin to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 8(11): ofab358. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab358. Caly L, Druce JD, Catton MG, Jans DA, Wagsta KM (2020). The FDAapproved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. J.Antiviral Research. 178: 3-6. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787. Campbell WC (1985). Ivermectin: An Up-date. Parasitology Today. 1:1. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(85)90100-0. CASP (2018). Critical appraisal skills programme randomised controlled trial standard checklist. Retrieved from https://casp-uk.b-cdn.net/wp-con-tent/uploads/2020/10/CASP_RCT_Checklist_PDF_Fillable_Form.pdf. Elgazzar A, Eltaweel A, Youssef SA, Hany B, Hafez M, Moussa H (2020). Efficacy and safety of ivermectin for treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19 pandemic. J. Res. 1-10. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs100956/v3. Gorial FI, Sabeeh M, Hend MS, Basim DD, Marwan MA, Adnan MA, Hassan MA, Mohammed G, Jawad IR (2020). Effectiveness of ivermectin as add-on therapy in COVID-19 management. MedRxiv. 2(1): 2-13 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.07.20145979. Gonzalez JLB, G Han Q, Lin Q, Ni Z, You L (2020). Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus. J. irv. 14(4): 470-471. doi: 10.1111/irv.12735. Hashim A, Hashim MF, Maulood AM. Rasheed, Dhurgham F, Fatak, Khulood K, Kabah AS, Abdulamir (2020). Controlled randomized clinical trial on using Ivermectin with Doxycycline for treating COVID-19 patients in Baghdad, Iraq. medRxiv. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.26.20219345 Johns Hopkins University of Medicine COVID-19 (2021). COVID-19 dash-board by the center for systems science and engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. Available at: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. Accessed 2-12-2021. Kow C, Merchant HA, Mustafa ZU. Hasan SS (2021). The association between the use of ivermectin and mortality in patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep. 73:1473-1479. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00245-z L doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3071 Mills E. Early Treatment of COVID-19 with Repurposed Therapies: The TOGE-THER Adaptive Platform Trial (2021). Retrieved from: https://rethinkingclinicaltrials.org/news/august-6-2021-early-treatment-of-covid-19-with-repurposed-therapies-the-together-adaptive-platform-trial-edward-mills-phd-frcp/. Accessed in 20 Desember 2021. Murti B (2018). Prinsip dan metode riset epidemiologi edisi ke empat (principles and methods of epidemiological research, fourth edition). Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret. Shakhsi Niaee M, Namdar P, Allami A, Zolghadr L, Javadi A, Karampour A, Vernasari M, et al. (2021) Ivermectin as an adjunct treatment for hospi-talized adult COVID-19 patients: A randomized multi-center clinical trial. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 14(6): -273. doi: 10.4103/1995-7645.31-8304. Okumu N, Rajter JC, Sherman MS, and Fatteh N (2021). Use of ivermectin is associated with lower mortality in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 The Ivermectin in COVID Nineteen Study. CHEST. 159(1): 85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.009. Ravikirti, Roy R, Pattadar C, Raj R, Argawal N, Biswas B, Majhi PK, et al. (2021). Ivermectin as a potential treatment for mild to moderate COVID-19 Satuan Tugas COVID-19 (2021). Peta sebaran COVID-19 di Indonesia, dasbor COVID-19 oleh pusat satuan tugas COVID-19 Indonesia (Map of the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia, COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for the Indonesian COVID-19 Task Force). Available at: https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran-covid19. WHO (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Dashboard at WHO. Available at: https://covid-19.who.int/. Accessed in 2-12-21.
References
Downloads
Published
2021-10-16
Issue
Vol. 6 No. 4 (2021)
Section
Articles
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Dily Ekasari, Argyo Demartoto, Bhisma Murti, Effects of Sexual Behavior, Family Support, Peer Support, Stigma, and Discrimination on Quality of Life Among Gay Community in Tulungagung, East Java , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2018)
- Sri Nuryati, Ambar Mudigdo, Bhisma Murti, Path Analysis on the Influence of Educational Level, Stages of Cancer, Social Support, and Coping Strategy toward the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Patients in Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 2 No. 3 (2017)
- Maria Regina Tri Yonita, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Bhisma Murti, Meta Analysis the Association between Social Support and Quality of Life of People Living with HIV/AIDS , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 5 No. 4 (2020)
- Ayu Novita Wulandari, Bhisma Murti, Didik Tamtomo, Meta-Analysis the Effects of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Cardiovascular Disease and Death in Elderly , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 8 No. 1 (2023)
- Mustainu Habibi, Setyo Sri Rahardjo, Bhisma Murti, Associations between HIV Status Disclosure, Social Support, and Adherence to and Antiretroviral Therapy in Adults Patients with HIV/AIDS , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 6 No. 1 (2021)
- Widya Kurnianingsih, Didik Gunawan Tamtomo, Bhisma Murti, The Effect of Non-Compliance with Medication on Multidrug Resistant of Tuberculosis , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 5 No. 4 (2020)
- Dyah Ayu Saputri, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, Bhisma Murti, Contextual Effect of Village on the Incidence of Tuberculosis in Children in Surakarta, Central Java: A Multilevel Analysis Evidence , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 4 No. 4 (2019)
- Astri Yunita, Bhisma Murti, Yulia Lanti Retno Dewi, Multilevel Analysis on the Bio-psychosocial and Environment Factors Affecting the Risk of Pneumonia in Infants , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016)
- Fatchurrohmah Ines Prabandari, Bhisma Murti, Hanung Prasetya, Associations between Physical Activity, Depression, and Quality of Life in Elderly: Meta-Analysis , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 5 No. 4 (2020)
- Th. Catur Wulan Setyaningrum, Bhisma Murti, Dono Indarto, Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Child Growth at Ngembal Kulon Community Health Center, Kudus , Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health: Vol. 2 No. 2 (2017)