A Meta-Analysis: Correlation between Hypertension of Comorbidity on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2021.06.01.07Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus that has never been previously identified in humans. In severe cases of COVID-19 it can cause pneumonia, acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death. Hypertension causes a number of patho physiological changes in the cardiovascular system such as left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis. This can make a hypertensive heart particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2.
This study aims to analyze and estimate the effect of comorbid hypertension on mortality in COVID-19 patients.
Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted with PRISMA flow diagram. Article searches through journal databases include: Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer Link by selecting articles published in 2020 and 2021. The keywords used are “Hypertension” OR “Hypertensive Patient” OR “Blood Pres sure”, “Systolic Pressure” OR “Diastolic Pres sure” AND “Mortality”, OR “death” OR “loss” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-COV-2” OR “coro navirus” AND “multivariate”.
The inclusion criteria were full paper articles with observa tional research methods, the results of the analysis used the aOR value, the exposure given was comorbid hypertension, the research sub jects were COVID-19 patients, with mortality outcomes. Eligible articles were analyzed using the Revman 5.3 app.
Results: A meta-analysis of 18 articles showed that confirmed COVID-19 patients who had comorbid hypertension had a 1.27 times risk of mortality compared to those without comorbid hypertension and were statistically significant (aOR= 1.27; 95% CI= 1.14 to 1.41; p <0.001).
Conclusion: Comorbid Hypertension affects the mortality of COVID-19 patients.
Keywords:
hypertension, mortality, COVID-19, meta-analysisReferences
Albitar O, Ballouze R, Ooi JP, Ghadzi S (2020). Risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 patients. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 166. 108293.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108293.
Atkins JL, Masoli JAH, Delgado J, Pilling LC, Kuo CL, Kuchel GA, Melzer D (2020) Preexisting Comorbidities Predicting COVID-19 and Mortality in the UK Biobank Community Cohort, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 75(11): 2224
Ayed M, Borahmah AA, Yazdani A, Sultan A, Mossad A, Rawdhan H (2021). Assessment of Clinical Characteristics and Mortality-Associated Factors in COVID-19 Critical Cases in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract. 30(2):185-192. doi:10.1159/000513047.
Bell K, Twiggs J, Olin BR (2015). Hypertension: the silent Killer: updated JNC8 guideline recommendations associate clinical professor of pharmacy practice drug information and learning resource center. Alabama Pharmacy Association:1
Carrillo-Vega MF, Salinas-Escudero G, Garc
CEBMa (2014). Critical Appraisal for cross-sectional study. Amsterdam: Center for Evidence Based Management. https://cebma.org/wpcontent/uploads/Critical-Appraisal-Questions-for-a-Cross-Sectional-Study-July-2014-1.pdf.
Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, Ma K, Xu D, Yu H, et al (2020). Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 368(3): 1-14. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1295.
Ciardullo S, Zerbini F, Perra S, Muraca E, Cannistraci R, Lauriola M, Grosso P, Lattuada G (2021). Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 related in hospital mortality: a retrospective study from Northern Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. 44(4): 843-850. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01382-7.
Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J (2020). COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 141(6): 1648-1655. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941.
Costa R, Castagna A, Ruotolo G (2020). COVID-19 and cardiovascular problems in elderly patients: Food for thought. Aging Medicine. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/agm2.12149.
Escalera-Antezana JP, Lizon-Ferrufino NF, Maldonado-Alanoca A, Alarcon-Dela-Vega G, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Balderrama-Saavedra MA, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Rodriguez-Morales AJ (2020). Risk factors for mortality in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Bolivia: An analysis of the first 107 confirmed cases. Infez Med. 28(2): 238-242. PMID: 3248-7789.
Ilpaj SM, Nurwati N (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Tingkat Kematian Akibat Covid-19 (Analysis of the Effect of Death Rates Due to Covid-19). Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial. 3(1): 16-28. http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/focus/article/view/28123
Jun T, Nirenberg S, Kovatch P, Huang K (2020). Sexspecificity of mortality risk factors among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in New York City: prospective cohort study. medRxiv. 29(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.29.20164640.
Khan A, Althunayyan S, Alsofayan Y, Alotaibi R, Mubarak A, Arafat M, Assiri A, Jokhdar H (2020). Risk factors associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 26(11): 1371-1380. doi: 10.26719/emhj.20.130.
Kulkarni S, Jenner BL, Wilkinson I (2020). COVID-19 and hypertension. JRAAS, 21(2). doi: 10.1177/1470320320927-851.
Magleby R, Westblade LF, Trzebucki A, Simon MS, Rajan M, Park J, Satlin MJ (2020). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load on risk of intubation and mortality among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 1-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciaa851.
Marliani (2013). Hipertensi. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.
Moon SS, Lee K, Park J, Yun S, Lee YS, Lee DS (2020). Clinical characteristics and mortality predictors of COVID-19 patients hospitalized at nationallydesignated treatment hospitals. Journal of Korean medical science, 35(36): 328. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e328
N
Palaiodimos L, Kokkinidis DG, Li W, Karamanis D, Ognibene J, Arora S, Southern WN, et al. (2021). Severe obesity is associated with higher in hospital mortality in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in the Bronx, New York. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 108: 1-10. DOI: 10.10-16/j.metabol.2020.154262.
Parra-Bracamonte GM, Lopez-Villalobos N, Parra-Bracamonte FE (2020). Clinical characteristics and risk factors for mortality of patients with COVID-19 in a large data set from Mexico. Ann Epidemiol, 52: 93-98. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.005.
Pettit NN, MacKenzie EL, Ridgway J, Pursell K, Ash D, Patel B, Pho MT (2020). Obesity is associated with increased risk for mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Obesity, 28(10): 1806-1810. doi:10.1-002/oby.22941.
Polverino F, Stern DA, Ruocco G, Balestro E, Bassetti M, Candelli M, Cirillo B, Contoli M, et al. (2020). Comorbidities, cardiovascular therapies, and COVID-19 mortality: A Nationwide, Italian observational study (ItaliCO). Front Cardiovasc Med, 7: 566-585. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.585866.
Rodilla E, Saura A, Jim
Rosenthal N, Cao Z, Gundrum J, Sianis J, Safo S (2020). Risk Factors Associated With In-Hospital Mortality in a US National Sample of Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open, 3(12): 20-29. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058.
Rozaliyani A, Savitri AI, Setianingrum F, Shelly TN, Ratnasari V, Kuswindarti R, Salama N, Oktavia D, Widyastuti W, Handayani D (2020). Factors associated with death in COVID-19 patients in Jakarta, Indonesia: An. Acta Med epidemiological study Indones. 52(3): 246-254.
Sitorus RJ, Antara YN, Elviani R, Ahmad Z, Hudari H, Sangalang RV (2021)Risk Factor for Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in Mohammad Hoesin Hospital, Palembang, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 12(1): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.26553/j-ikm.2021.12.1.69-76.
Sulistyowati ES, Muningga SD, Silalahi V (2021). Risk factors of Covid-19 confirmed died patients in Dr . Kariadi hospital: A Retrospective Study. IJTID, 9(1): 1-8. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/IJTID/article/download/22609/14008
Surendra H, Elyazar IR, Djaafara BA, Ekawati LL, Saraswati K, Adrian V, Widyastuti, Oktavia D, Salama N, et al (2021). Clinical characteristics and mortality associated with COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia: A hospital based retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac, 100-108. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100108.
Tehrani S, Killander A,
WHO (2015). Hypertension. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/newsroom/factsheets/detail/hypertension.
WHO (2020a). Coronavirus. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/healthtopics/coronavirus.
WHO (2020b). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). https://covid19.who.int/.
WHO (2020c). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report 82. Https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200411sitrep-82-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=74a5d15_2.
WHO (2020d). Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/laboratory-testing-for-2019-novel-coronavirus-in-suspected-human-cases.
Willim HA, Ketaren I, Supit AI (2020). Dampak Coronavirus Disease 2019 terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskular. e-Clinic. (2): 237-245. 10.35790/ecl.8.2.2020.30540.
Windiyaningsih C, Hayatunnisa NU, Sulis-towati Y, Nurhastuti T, Yanuar IES, Rahardjo TBW (2021). Etiology COVID-19 mortality in Jakarta hospital in the first COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia. Current Pediatric Research, 25 (3): 393-397. https://scholar.ui.ac.id/en/publications/etiology-covid-19-mortality-in-jakarta-hospital-in-the-first-covid.
Yadaw AS, Li YC, Bose S, Iyengar R, Bunyavanich S, Pandey G (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 mortality: development and validation of a clinical prediction model. Lancet Digit Health, 10: 516-525. doi: 10.1016/S-2589-7500(20)30217-X.
1.jpg)
