Epidemiological Investigation of A Goat Rabies Outbreak and Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Communities Regarding Rabies in the Rural Commune of Sabou, Burkina Faso
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2024.09.02.05Abstract
Background: Dog-mediated human rabies is one of the top five priority zoonotic diseases identified for the One Health multisectoral engagement in Burkina Faso. Integrated approaches are required in endemic areas for reliable data collection and improved management of bite victims. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of communities regarding rabies and preventive methods.
Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in the Commune of Sabou after a goat rabies confirmation. A structured questionnaire was administered to 305 house-hold members to capture data. The dependent variables in this study were the knowledge of rabies and animal vectors, the action to be taken regarding the biting animal, the main challenges to PEP coverage, the knowledge of preventive measures, and the minimum age recommended for primo-vaccination. The independent variables in this study were gender, level of education, professional status, and dog-owning status. The study was analyzed using the Chi-Square test.
Results: The results provided that the suspected goat was infected by the rabies virus. Subsequently, the outbreak joint investigation initiated involved key local stakeholders. Data collected during the investigation raised the need for counter-measures such as identification of awareness gaps, organization of a dog rabies vaccination, and awareness-raising campaigns in the local communities. The household survey revealed low awareness about animals involved in human rabies transmission, the common routes of transmission, and the postexposure prophylaxis. Moreover, hindrances to postexposure prophylaxis access cited by the participants were related to frequent vaccine shortage (39.7%) as well as financial inaccessibility (60.3%). In addition, 40% of participants were not well aware of pet rabies prevention and reported only 67.6% of owned dogs were vaccinated.
Conclusion: According to the study results, there is a need to strengthen rabies surveillance, promoting outbreak joint investigation, and integrated bite case management. Moreover, key messages on animal and human rabies prevention should be developed and shared with the communities.
Keywords: Canine rabies, zoonoses, joint investigation, community awareness, public health, household survey
References
Acharya KP, Acharya N, Phuyal S, Upadhyaya M, Lasee S (2020). One-health approach: A best possible way to control rabies. One Health. 10. 100161. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100161.
Aiyedun JO, Olugasa BO (2012). Identification and analysis of dog use, management practices and implications for rabies control in Ilorin, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 10(2): 1-6. doi: 10.4314/sokjvs.v10i2.1.
Al-Mustapha AI, Tijani AA, Bamidele FO, Muftau O, Ibrahim A, Abdulrahim I, Osu MS et al. (2021). Awareness and knowledge of canine rabies: A state-wide cross-sectional study in Nigeria. PLoS One. 16(3): e0247523. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247523.
Amparo ACB, Mendoza ECB, Licuan DA, Valenzuela LM, Madalipay JD, Jayme SI, Taylor LH (2019). Impact of integrating rabies education into the curriculum of public elementary schools in Ilocos Norte, Philippines on rabies knowledge, and animal bite incidence. Frontiers in public health. 7. 119. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00119.
Bitek AO, Osoro E, Munyua PM, Nanyingi M, Muthiani Y, Kiambi S, Maturi M et al. (2018). A hundred years of rabies in Kenya and the strategy for eliminating dog-mediated rabies by 2030. AAS open research. 1. doi: 10.12688%2Faasopenres.12872.2.
Bouaddi K, Bitar A, Bouslikhane M, Ferssiwi A, Fitani A, Mshelbwala PP (2020). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding rabies in El Jadida region, Morocco. Veterinary sciences. 7(1): 29. doi: 10.3390/vetsci7010029.
Burkina Faso (2022a). Plan stratégique national intégré de l’élimination de la rage humaine transmise par les carnivores domestiques 2022-2030, validated on 4 November 2022.
Burkina Faso (2022b). Rapport statistique mensuel de données de l’éducation en situation d’urgence au 31 décembre 2022.
CDC (2017). Résumé de l’atelier Prioritisation Des Maladies Zoonotiques Selon L’approche Une Santé Pour Un Engagement Multisectoriel. Centers for Disease Control.
Chen Q, Ma X, Rainey JJ, Li Y, Mu D, Tao X, Feng Y, et al. (2021). Findings from the initial stepwise approach to rabies elimination (SARE) assessment in China, 2019. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 15(3): e0009274. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009274.
Dahourou LD, Savadogo M, Tapsoba RAS, Kaboré BA, Konaté A, Zerbo M, Guigma HV et al. (2021). Dog ownership, demographics, owners’ knowledge of rabies, and factors associated with canine rabies vaccination in urban and rural areas of Dedougou, Burkina Faso. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14. 100205. doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100205.
Dodet B, le Bureau d’experts de la rage du continent africain (AfroREB), Adjo-goua EV, Aguemon AR, Baba BA, Bara Adda S, Boumandouki P, et al. (2010). The fight against rabies in Africa: from recognition to action. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique, 103, 51-59.doi:10.1007/s13149-009-0034-3
Dzikwi AA, Ibrahim AS, Umoh JU (2012). Knowledge and practice about rabies among children receiving formal and informal education in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria. Global journal of health science. 4(5): 132. doi: 10.5539%2Fgjhs.v4n5p132.
GARC (2022). Burkina Faso Rabies Elimination Progress. Global Alliance for Rabies Control.
González-Roldán JF, Undurraga EA, Meltzer MI, Atkins C, Vargas-Pino F, Gutiérrez-Cedillo V, Hernández-Pérez JR (2021). Cost-effectiveness of the national dog rabies prevention and control program in Mexico, 1990–2015. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(3): e0009130. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009130
Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J et al. (2015). Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 9(4): e0003709. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003709.
Hasanov E, Zeynalova S, Geleishvili M, Maes E, Tongren E, Marshall E, Banyard A, et al. (2018). Assessing the impact of public education on a preventable zoonotic disease: rabies. Epidemiology and Infection. 146(2): 227-235. doi: 10.1017/S0950268817002850.
Lankester F, Hampson K, Lembo T, Palmer G, Taylor L, Cleaveland S (2014). Implementing Pasteur's vision for rabies elimination. Science, 345 (6204): 1562-1564. doi: 10.1126/scien-ce.1256306
Lechenne M, Mindekem R, Madjadinan, Oussiguéré A, Moto DD, Naissengar K, Zinsstag J (2017). The importance of a participatory and integrated one health approach for rabies control: the case of N’Djaména, chad. Tropical medicine and infectious disease. 2(3). 43. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030043
Lushasi K, Steenson R, Bernard J, Changa-lucha JJ, Govella NJ, Haydon DT, Hoffu H, et al. (2020). One Health in practice: using Integrated Bite Case Management to increase detection of rabid animals in Tanzania. Frontiers in public health. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00013.
Matibag GC, Ohbayashi Y, Kanda K, Yama-shina H, Kumara WB, Perera IG, Niranjala De Silva DD et al. (2009). A pilot study on the usefulness of infor-mation and education campaign mate-rials in enhancing the knowledge, attitude and practice on rabies in rural Sri Lanka. The journal of infection in developing countries. 3(01): 055-064. doi: 10.3855/jidc.106.
Minoungou G, Dahourou LD, Savadogo M, Tialla D, Comabari AHB, Kanyala E, Ouattara L et al. (2021). Surveillance of animal rabies in Burkina Faso : A retrospective laboratory data from 2008 to 2012. International Journal of Veterinary Science. 10(3): 172-176. doi: 10.47278/journal.ijvs/2021.051.
Mosimann L, Traoré A, Mauti S, Léchenne M, Obrist B, Véron R, Hattendorf J et al. (2017). A mixed methods approach to assess animal vaccination programmes: The case of rabies control in Bamako, Mali. Acta tropica. 165: 203-215. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.007
N'Guessan, RD, Heitz-Tokpa K, Amalaman DM, Tetchi SM, Kallo V, Ndjoug Ndour AP, Nicodeme G et al. (2022). Determinants of Rabies Post-exposure Prophylaxis Drop-Out in the Region of San-Pedro, Côte d'Ivoire. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. doi: 10.3389/fitd.2022.787524
Robardet E, Picard-Meyer E, Andrieu S, Servat A, Cliquet F (2011). International interlaboratory trials on rabies diagnosis: an overview of results and variation in reference diagnosis techniques (fluorescent antibody test, rabies tissue culture infection test, mouse inoculation test) and molecular biology techniques. J virological methods. 177(1): 15-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.06.004.
RSTMH (2021). World Rabies Day 2021: The impact of COVID-19 on the fight against rabies. Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Rysava K, Espineda J, Silo EAV, Carino S, Aringo AM, Bernales RP, Adonay FF et al. (2022). One Health surveillance for rabies: a case study of integrated bite case management in Albay province, Philippines. Frontiers in Tropical Diseases. 3. doi: 10.3389/fitd.2022.787524.
Savadogo M, Zangré H, Nana SD, Ilboudo AK, Dahourou LD, Ilboudo SG, Simonis V et al. (2021a). Adoption of the One Health approach to improve zoonosis control in low-income countries: Insights from the case of rabies management in Burkina Faso. Int J One Health. 7. doi: 10.14202/IJOH.2021.182-189.
Savadogo M, Kanyala E, Traoré AK, Dahou-rou LD, Guigma HV, Ouandaogo SH, Ouedraogo AS et al. (2021b). Knowledge, attitudes and practices about rabies prevention and control: A community survey in five health districts of Burkina Faso. Int J Biological Chem Sci. 15(5): 1800-1816. doi: 10.4314/ijbcs.v15i5.9.
Savadogo M, Koné P, Dahourou LD, Mani-shimwe R, Sow A, Nébié L, Antoine-Moussiaux N et al. (2020). Rabies epidemiology and community knowledge, attitudes and practices in Burkina Faso. Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 73(2): 133-144. doi: 10.19182/remvt.31863.
Savadogo M, Renmans D, Alambedji RB, Tarnagda Z, Antoine-Moussiaux N (2022). Using causal loop analysis to explore pathways for zoonosis control in a low-income setting: The case of dog rabies vaccination in Burkina Faso. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 203. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105623.
Savadogo M, Soré AF, Dahourou LD, Ossebi W, Combari AHB, Alambedji RB, Tarnagda Z (2021c). Assessing factors associated with owner’s individual decision to vaccinate their dogs against rabies: A house-to-house survey in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Veterinary World. 14(4): 1014. doi: 10.14202%2Fvetworld.2021.1014-1019.
Savadogo M, Tialla D, Ouattara B, Dahourou LD, Ossebi W, Ilboudo SG, Combari AHB et al. (2021d). Factors associated with owned dogs vaccination against rabies: A household survey in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Veterinary Med Sci. 7: 1096-1106. doi: 10.1002/vms3.468.
Savadogo M, Dahourou LD, Ilboudo AK, Ilboudo SG, Zangré H, Tarnagda G, Souli Z et al. (2023). The Rabies Free Burkina Faso initiative: an example of how one health-oriented civil society organizations can contribute towards the achievement of the rabies zero by 30 goal. One Health Outlook. 5. doi: 10.1186/s42522-023-00086-1.
Shwiff S, Hampson K, Anderson A (2013). Potential economic benefits of eliminating canine rabies. Antiviral Res. 98(2): 352-356. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.004.
Sondo KA, Okenga YC, Diop SA, Kaboré BE, Diallo I, Kyelem N, Basshono J, et al. (2015). Rabies in children: Report of 24 cases at the Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital Center of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. J Trop Dis.
Sondo KA, Zoungrana J, Bazié K, Kyelem CG, Diallo I, Korsaga N, Basshono J, et al. (2014). Prise en charge post expo-sition des victimes d’agression par un animal à Ouagadougou. Science et Technique, Sciences de la Santé. 37(1-2): 27-36.
Suseno PP, Rysava K, Brum E, De Balogh K, Diarmita IK, Husein WF, McGrane J, et al. (2019). Lessons for rabies control and elimination programs: a decade of One Health experience from Bali, Indonesia. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics). 38(1): 213. doi: 10.20506%2Frst.38.1.2954.
Tarantola A (2017). Four Thousand Years of Concepts Relating to Rabies in Animals and Humans, Its Prevention and Its Cure. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed2020005.
Taylor L, Partners for Rabies Prevention (2013). Eliminating canine rabies: The role of public-private partnerships. Antiviral Research. 98(2): 314-318. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.002.
Thumbi SM, Blumberg L, le Roux K, Salahuddin N, Abela B (2022). A call to accelerate an end to human rabies deaths. Lancet. 400(10369): 2261-2264. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)0-2487-4.
Tidman R, Fahrion AS, Thumbi SM, Wallace RM, De Balogh K, Iwar V, Yale G et al. (2023). United Against Rabies Forum: The first 2 years. Front Public Health. 11:1010071. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1010071.
WHO Rabies Modelling Consortium (2018). The potential effect of improved provision of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Gavi-eligible countries: a modeling study. Lancet Infect Dis. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30512-7.
WHO (2015). report of the Rabies Global Conference, Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization
Zinsstag J, Dürr S, Penny MA, Mindekem R, Roth F, Gonzalez SM, Naissengar S et al. (2009). Transmission dynamics and economics of rabies control in dogs and humans in an African city. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106(35): 14996-15001. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904740106
Zinsstag J, Lechenne M, Laager M, Minde-kem R, Naïssengar S, Oussiguere A, Bidjeh K et al. (2017). Vaccination of dogs in an African city interrupts rabies transmission and reduces human exposure. Science translational medicine. 9(421): eaaf6984. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6984.
Downloads
Published
2024-04-16
Issue
Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024)
Section
Articles
1.jpg)
